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Agro-Photovoltaics or Agro-PV or Agri-voltaics is a new branch of solar power engineering for effective and efficient use of roof space or ground space . Here , the mounting structure is carefully engineered so that there is enough sunlight below the solar panels for plants to grow . Generally the structure is elevated and generous walkway is provided so that there is enough sunlight below the solar panels . As the demand for clean and nutritious food increases in the years to come , this concept of rooftop farming along with photovoltaics is going to become very popular . A country like india needs these innovative technologies to meet the power demand and food demand of 1.5 billion people .
The global warming is a reality now. The temperatures are rising all over the world. The urban heat island effect is faced by all urban areas. With continued urbanization, the roof of the buildings are absorbing much more solar radiation and reflecting very less.   It is the need of the hour now to contribute towards reducing the urban heating to certain level. It has been stated by the researchers that Lighter land surfaces “could help to lower temperatures by 2 or 3 degrees Celsius” .Another major concern about the roofs are wear and tear such as ageing, water seepage, abrasion etc. Keeping all this into consideration, we have a one stop solution, “HEAT REFLECTIVE COATING
Heat Reflective paint for cool roofs .
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1. The PV system is interfaced with the state power grid. 2. The solar power runs the load to the extent possible during day time. 3. If there is excess power generated, the same is exported to the power utility grid. 4. If there is a deficit in energy generation, the differential Power/Energy is drawn from the grid. 5. A bi-directional meter will be installed to record the net power. 6. Additionally, 48V battery will be installed. In case of no grid conditions, Solar will run the loads during sunshine and batteries will run the loads during no-sunshine conditions.   Watch the Below videos for better understanding of the system. 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0NjNR5EFT82. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rZq4mMKsGs
Hybrid Solar Solution
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A. The solar panels are installed on the rooftop. B. The sunlight falls on the panels which converts the incident light into direct current (DC). C. The direct current is fed into the inverter which converts the DC to alternating current (AC). D. The inverter also conditions this power in sync with the power utility grid to match the frequency and voltage. E. This power /energy first runs the loads of the house or business. F. If the energy produced is in excess of the energy required for the house/business, the excess energy is exported to the power utility grid. (Energy Export)G. If the energy produced is less than the energy required for the house/business, the differential energy is imported from the power utility grid. (Energy Import) H. A net meter is installed to measure both energy import and export from the system. I. At the end of the billing cycle, If the energy exported is more than the energy imported, the power utility grid (BESCOM, In bangalore) pays the consumer rupees 4.15 for every unit exported. J.  At the end of the billing cycle, If the energy imported is more than the energy exported, the consumer has to pay the power utility grid (BESCOM) for the energy imported at the prevailing tariff. Note : The Major drawback of this system is that , for this system to work, the presence of utility grid is mandatory.
Grid Tied Solar Solution
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                    Water is the most essential thing in this world and Rain is the only source of water in the world. Catching the rain where it falls and using it right there is perhaps the most efficient process of using this remarkable gift of God, Water.                    Roof-top Rainwater harvesting is found to be a very efficient way to “Catch the water where it falls”. Roof-top rainwater harvesting can go a very long way in mitigating water crisis faced in urban communities and Industries. Though Rainwater harvesting is recognized as one of the best solutions for the present water crisis, there are a number of impediments in its effective implementation and most importantly maintenance. Though Rainwater is the purest form of water, due to culture and/or due to lack of awareness, there is still plenty of scepticism of using rainwater falling on One’s roof. The new process of designing and implementing Roof-top rainwater harvesting presented below will make;1.	Rooftop Rainwater potable and ready for use. 2.	Remove all skepticism around the process of catching and using rainwater. 3.	Reduce the maintenance involved in rooftop rainwater harvesting.4.	Making the cleaning process of filtration units as automatic as possible. 5.	Ensure enough checks and balances so that chances of contamination are minimum.  SOLUTIONS AVAILABLE: A number of solutions exists today which addresses one or a few of the above concerns. However, there is no single solution to take care of all the above issues and at the same time be scalable and customizable. STEPS INVOLVED: The entire process of Rainwater harvesting can be divided into three parts:1.	Catchment: There is no issue here but for keeping it clean which is by and large ensured in Urban catchments like Apartments and Businesses. 2.	Conveyance: It is mainly plumbing work for which standards are well established and it is a straight forward one-time work.3.	Filtration: Here is where all the impediments and issues are cropping up. There are no Standards for small catchments nor any well-established practice for this (Rooftop Urban Catchments).FILTRATION PROCESS DESIGN:  A new filtration process is designed .Below are the stages of filtration. STAGE 1: PRE-FILTER. This is a Pre-filter or a First Rain Separator (FRS). This ensures that initial few minutes of rain is segregated and does not go into the next filtration stage. This unit can also throw out the water in case the water is not required. This is only a plumbing arrangement in the design of the conveyance system. This is already practiced in many places. STAGE 2: SEDIMENTATION TANK. This is an extension of the pre-filter. In most cases, it is not possible to ensure enough volume of pre-filter because of a.	Space constraints b.	Dependence on labour.c.	Wastage of water. To overcome this, a sedimentation tank is proposed. 	It is just a HDPE tank to collect water. Overflow from this tank goes into the next filtration unit. 	Since the first few minutes of water falls inside this tank, most of the dust particles settles in this tank. 	This also acts as a pre-filter. However, the water collected in this tank can be used only for non-potable purposes. STAGE 3: MODIFIED RAPID SAND FILTER. 	This is the final stage of the three-stage process. 	This filtration tank has five layers split into two chambers as shown below.  	The water gets in from the sedimentation tank. 	It hits a splasher stone which spreads the water uniformly over the surface of the filter media. 	The water “Flows-down” in the first chamber through a series of filter media. This sifts for any physical matter in the water. 	The water gets into the second chamber. 	The water “UP-FLOWS” in the second chamber. 	Here the water first flows through a layer of cinder which traps minute particles.	Water then flows through a layer of activated carbon. This traps all the dust and adsorbs any smell or gas in the water. 	Finally, the water hits a layer of aggregates before getting discharged into the sump. 	Water equivalent to volume of the filtration unit is stored in the filtration unit itself after the rains are over (This is because of Up-flow design). 	A valve is given on the first chamber. By opening this valve, the entire volume of water which is stored in the filtration tank can be drained out. This will completely back-wash the filter media. So, the filer media gets cleaned in every rain. 	A parallel valve is also provided where the water starts flowing into the sump. This valve is to sample the water for testing. 	All the above mentioned three stages are scalable for any catchment. 	All the above three stages are customizable for any available space to install the filtration unit. (It is a volume-based design).CASE FOR RAINWATER: THE BANGALORE SCENARIO: 	Bangalore receives an average of 950 mm of rainfall every year. 	For an individual house of say 100 SqM roof area (Approx 1000 Square feet); This 950 mm translates to yearly run-off of: 100 x 950 x 0.85 = 80,750 say 80,000 Liters per year (0.85 is because 15% is assumed to be loss) 	For a household of 4 people each consuming 200 liters a day, this means that rainwater can contribute to 80,000/(4x200) = 100 days.	So, this household need not depend on Piped water supply for 100 days in a year. 	Extending this case, every square feet of Roof area in Bangalore receives 75 Liters of water per year (Free of cost)  
Rainwater Harvesting
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Ground water recharge is the simplest way to augment the quality and quantity of ground water.  It is a simple way to channelize the rainwater into the aquifer. It is an absolute necessity in the context of rapid urbanization. Recharging also helps in reducing floods and improving the quality of ground water. A recharge well is essentially a hole in the ground. Rainwater run-off from roofs, paved and un paved surfaces is de-silted and channelized into the ground. Trivia : In Bangalore alone,  3,000 million litres of water falls daily as rain during the monsoon. This works out to approximately 3.5 million liters of water per acre per year.  If we recharge about 30% of the water that falls over the city, we can have more water than what the river cauvery is supplying to the city!!.
Groundwater Recharge
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